King of Spain in 1808 and from 1814 to 1833. He ended the war against Napoleon’s France, returned to Spain in 1814, and in Valencia signed the the decrees that invalidated the liberal Constitution of Cádiz. In 1820, as a result of a military insurrection and the appearance of revolutionary groups in multiple cities, he had to accept constitutional liberalism. In 1823, an international army under the orders of the Santa Alianza (“Sacred Alliance”) reinstated royal absolutism in Spain, which lasted during the so-called Década Ominosa (“Ominous Decade”) until the death of the monarch.